Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second AND, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit AND the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb AND hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its AMPUTATION. Among the most important causes of digit AMPUTATION, can mention osteomyelitis of finger AND navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures AND hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit AMPUTATION procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle stANDing position. Selection of digit AMPUTATION techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type AND the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis AND is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb AMPUTATION AND the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb AMPUTATION. Although the short-term prognosis for limb AMPUTATION is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal AND caring condition.

Introduction: Complete AMPUTATION of wrist is physical AND psychological trauma that can affect person's life. During recent years, various amputated organs were replanted back into their own body leading to improvement in quality of life, function AND body image.Case Report: The case was a34 years old man with complete AMPUTATION at left hAND at wrist level, while working with chainsaw. Patient was admitted to the emergency unit at Fatemi hospital of Ardabil city, AND underwent tosurgeryfor replantation.Conclusion: Complete AMPUTATION of wrist AND its successful replantation are among rarely occured AND reportable cases. The5-month follow-up indicated a successful operation. During this period, no abnormalities were found in the blood circulation. The finger grasping AND nerve development were acceptable AND no symptom of infection was observed.

Dear Editor, Fingertip AMPUTATION is one of the most common industrial injuries AND preservation of finger function, as much as possible, is very important for the affected patients. A thorough review of the most common treatment options for this type of lesion was more than necessary. All treatment modalities must restore the sensory function of fingertip, stable AND durable skin AND maximum support for nail bed (1).

Introduction. A diabetic foot lesion remains a major cause of morbidity in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. We studied the relation between kidney function AND the risk of AMPUTATION in patients with diabetic foot.Materials AND Methods. We reviewed retrospectively the charts of 244 patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Sari, Iran, for diabetic foot from 1996 to 2005. Their clinical characteristics AND kidney function indicators, including urine protein excretion AND serum creatinine were analyzed AND compared between amputees AND nonamputees.Results. There were 244 patients with diabetic foot who were admitted to our center during the studied period. The duration of being affected by DM was between 3 months AND 34 years (mean, 11.80 ± 6.81 years). Sixty-six patients (27.0%) underwent AMPUTATION.The amputees were older than the nonamputees (61.1 ± 11.5 years versus 55.6 ± 12.5 years, P < .001). There were 20 patients (30.3%) in the amputee group AND 44 (24.7%) in the nonamputee group who had proteinuria (P = .38). The mean creatinine level was significantly higher in the amputees compared to the nonamputees (1.78 ± 1.36 mg/dL versus 1.28 ± 1.23 mg/dL, P = .03).Conclusions. Lower extremity AMPUTATIONs in our patients with diabetic foot were strongly associated with elevated serum creatinine levels. The presence of this complication necessitates intensifying actions in order to prevent AMPUTATIONs. 

One may say that The Open Society AND Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demANDing moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions AND values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Penile AMPUTATION is one of the rare complications of genitourinary tract injuries. Most cases of penile AMPUTATION are the result of self mutilation in patients suffering from psychiatric diseases. Penile AMPUTATION with less common causes is accidental trauma AND felonious assault. In this paper we present a case with total AMPUTATION of penis AND left testis who was treated by a complete team of surgery.CASE: A 44 year old man who was injured by combine farm machine AND developed total penile AMPUTATION from the base AND total AMPUTATION of left testis from spermatic cord in inguinal area. Patient with hypovolemic shock due to severe bleeding was admitted to emergency ward. After resuscitation of patient AND stabilization of vital signs he underwent open cystostomy, perineal urethrostomy AND right testis fixation based on severity of trauma, necrosis of amputated segment AND nonvisualization of proximal of penis. Now, patient has complete urinary continence AND is cANDidated for penile prosthesis or repair via radius or gracilis muscles but he refuses this procedure.CONCLUSION: However total AMPUTATION of penis AND testis in accidental trauma is very rare, a complete surgical team including urologist, microsurgeon AND plastic surgeon should be organized AND replantation should be performed if distal part of penis is viable.

Self-AMPUTATION, the extreme form of self-mutilation, is uncommon. The vast majority of cases are associated with psychosis, with a small number being assigned the controversial diagnosis of body identity integrity disorder. In this article, we report two cases of non-psychotic self-AMPUTATION AND their similarities with a view to highlighting the risk factors AND formulating an appropriate management plan.

Introduction: The impact of lower limb AMPUTATION is great on patient's physical AND psychosocial functioning. In fact, the future of patients can even be affected by this experience. This study aimed to explain the experience of patients with lower limb AMPUTATION in the Red Crescent Rehabilitation Center in Tehran, Iran.Method: In a qualitative study, purposive sampling method was used to select 16 patients with lower limb AMPUTATION (below knee) in the Red Crescent Rehabilitation Center in Tehran for at least having lower limb amputated within 6 months. Data were collected through semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed based on the content analysis.Results: The results of this study revealed five main themes including perceived threats for the loss of a limb, changes in life, well-being problem, need to be understood AND acceptance of loss of a limb AND prosthesis.Conclusion: The patients with lower limb AMPUTATION participating in this research required adequate AND correct knowledge about AMPUTATION AND psychological needs AND supports. The support that those receive from family AND healthcare team members was unexpected for them AND this issue concerns them about the AMPUTATION. Thus, the role of family AND healthcare team members AND rehabilitation in the training AND support, especially emotional support, is essential.

Background: Lower limb AMPUTATION is the most common type of AMPUTATION in veterans. The aim of the study was to assess the orthopedic problems in war related bilateral lower limb amputees.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 335 out of 578 survivors with bilateral lower limb AMPUTATION were assessed by three orthopedic surgeons.Results: The mean age was 42.05±6.3 AND 97.6% were male. The most common cause of AMPUTATION was lAND mine 89.7% (601 limbs). Both trans-tibia was the most common level of AMPUTATION 37.6% (126 people). The length of stump in about half of the survivors was short or tall. The most common orthopedic problems were spasm of stump muscle 42.7% (281 limbs), which was followed by heterotypic ossification 11.55% (76 limbs), neuroma 10.2% (67 limbs), AND inflammation 10.1% (67 limbs). About 10.9% of survivors needed stump revision.Conclusion: The study revealed that the prevalence of orthopedic complications among the amputees was hign. Regular AND routine assessment, rehabilitation programs AND treatment is necessary for the bilateral lower limb amputees.